I assume you mean "Reproductive Augmentation". In the 1.02 opt-in patch, this has been changed to give a bonus of +1 Synthetic Population Cap. I ran a quick test game from scratch and confirmed that this happens (Iconia pop. cap increased from 19 to 20).
In 1.01, I couldn't figure out what it did either.
Edit - I'm running 1.02, and I tried loading an old save game (don't know if it was from 1.00 or 1.01) and I see the tech's bonus is different: "Adjancy Level +2". I played from there, doing nothing but research to "Reproductive Augmentation" and the pop. cap did not change. So the old save in the newer version doesn't see the updated tech.....
