Today after the recent update I could also not start the game at first. The game kept crashing to desktop after a few seconds.
It turned out that my update files had become corrupted.
My problem was solved by these steps:
1) Going into the Steam application
2) Right-clicking on the "Sins of a Solar Empire - Rebellion" game
3) Selecting "Properties" in the pull-down menu
4) Choosing "Local Files" - (the third option, horizontally)
5) Selecting "Verify integrity of game cache".
After a short while, the Steam client found that one of my update-files had become corrupted, which lead to the concerned file being downloaded and the game updated to normal.
If this is not helpful, contact the support using their support email and send them your mini-dump.
Be sure that all your graphics drivers are up to date.
Here is the info on sending feedback from crashes, etc:
https://forums.sinsofasolarempire.com/406587