You should watch the third devstream for some basic pointers on the ship designer as it currently is, but note that this thing will be completely overhauled in the next build we get, presumably in the next 2-4 weeks.
The hyperdrive doubling would be symmetry in action. Attachment points are being re-done.
You need to research planetary invasion or w/e its called atm and then build transports or design a ship with a troop transport module on it. These transports can then invade a unguarded planet, normal combat ships do not carry invasion troops.
Having planetary governors to manage planets for you is very common in these games, so you can expect those to be in but probably not for a nother 4-8 months at least.