On question 1: here's the game's reference information on the Advent battleship:
Weapon
	Weapon
	WeaponType "Projectile"
	damageEnums
		AttackType "CAPITALSHIP"
		DamageAffectType "AFFECTS_SHIELDS_AND_HULL"
		DamageApplyType "BACKLOADED"
		DamageType "ENERGY"
		WeaponClassType "WAVE"
	DamagePerBank:FRONT 66.000000
	DamagePerBank:BACK 0.000000
	DamagePerBank:LEFT 0.000000
	DamagePerBank:RIGHT 0.000000
	Range 5000.000000
	PreBuffCooldownTime 5.500000 
66 damage every 5 1/2 seconds works out to 12 damage per second.
In the game infopanel for that ship, it says "Average plasma damage - 11" without any buffs and for a level 1 capship right out of the construction bay, so it's damage per second, rounded down a bit possibly because it takes a short time for the weapon to actually fire. 
-- Retro